Executive Summary

While the government of Zimbabwe has implemented a number of measures since 2009 designed to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), many of its macroeconomic policies, such as the indigenization and economic empowerment laws, acted as significant deterrents. Following recent political changes, the new government amended indigenization, or local ownership laws, to reduce the restriction to only the diamond and platinum sectors; other sectors are now open to unrestricted foreign ownership. Moreover the government has announced its commitment to improving transparency and removing corruption.

Zimbabwe’s incentives to attract FDI include tax breaks for new investment by foreign and domestic companies and allowing capital expenditures on new factories, machinery, and improvements to be fully tax deductible. The government also waives import taxes and surtaxes on capital equipment. The government has been working to improve the business environment by trying to reduce costs measured by the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business index, although the pace of introducing such reforms is extremely slow.

In spite of these developments, the country still needs to implement a comprehensive economic reform program designed to address the debt burden and attract foreign financial inflows at concessionary rates. In addition, corruption remains rife and there is little protection of property rights, particularly with respect to agricultural land. The government routinely expropriates land without compensation.

The country’s commitment to the use of the multicurrency monetary regime, under which the U.S. dollar dominates most transactions, restored some business confidence in the country up to November 2016, but the introduction of a surrogate currency (the “bond note”) used only for domestic transactions, has reintroduced uncertainties in the economy. The country is currently experiencing a binding foreign exchange constraint that makes it difficult for companies to meet their foreign payment obligations, the backlog of which now stretches as far as twelve months.

Zimbabwe’s arrears in payments to international financial institutions and the high external debt overhang of over USD 10.7 billion complicate the situation by limiting the country’s ability to access official development assistance at concessional rates. Additionally, the country’s banks do not offer financing for periods longer than two years, with most financing available for 180 days or less. As a result of these negative factors, Zimbabwe has generally attracted low investment inflows of less than USD 500 million annually over the past decade.

Table 1

Measure	Year	Index/Rank	Website Address
TI Corruption Perceptions Index	2017	157 of 180	http://www.transparency.org/ research/cpi/overview
World Bank’s Doing Business Report “Ease of Doing Business”	2017	159 of 190	www.doingbusiness.org/rankings
Global Innovation Index	2017	121 of 128	https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/ analysis-indicator
U.S. FDI in partner country (M USD, stock positions)	2015	USD 8	http://www.bea.gov/ international/factsheet/
World Bank GNI per capita	2015	USD 1,810	http://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD

1. Openness To, and Restrictions Upon, Foreign Investment

Policies Towards Foreign Direct Investment

The government’s policies reflect the need to attract greater FDI in order to improve the country's competitiveness, even though it does not fully support the policies in practice. The new government encourages public-private partnerships in order to enhance technological development, while also emphasizing the need to improve the investment climate by restoring the rule of law and sanctity of contracts. It remains to be seen if the statements and actions of many senior government officials will be consistent with the need to attract FDI and ultimately improve investor confidence.

Zimbabwe has an Indigenization and Economic Empowerment law that limits the amount of shares owned by foreigners in the diamonds and platinum sectors to 49 percent with specific indigenous organizations owning the remaining 51 percent. There are also sectors such as passenger transport, retail and wholesale trade, and hair dressing that are “reserved” for Zimbabwean entrepreneurs.

The Zimbabwe Investment Authority (ZIA) promotes and facilitates both foreign direct investment and local investment. ZIA facilitates and processes investment applications for approval. ZIA's website is http://www.investzim.com/. The country encourages companies to register with ZIA and the process currently takes approximately 90 days.

While the new government of President Emerson Mnangagwa commits to prioritizing investment retention, there are as yet no mechanisms and formal structures through which this is done.

Limits on Foreign Control and Right to Private Ownership and Establishment

While there is a right for foreign and domestic private entities to establish and own business enterprises and engage in all forms of remunerative activity, foreign ownership of businesses in the diamonds and platinum sectors is limited to 49 percent (or less in certain reserved sectors), as outlined above.

In 2007, the government passed the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment Act, which requires that "indigenous Zimbabweans" (i.e. black Zimbabweans) own at least 51 percent of all enterprises valued over USD 500,000. A March 2018 amendment to the law limits these restrictions to the diamond and platinum sectors.

In the diamonds and platinum sectors, the government still restricts foreign ownership to 49 percent; foreign investors are free to invest in the non-resource sectors without any restrictions as the government battles to achieve technology transfer, create employment, and achieve value addition. The government further reserves certain sectors such as passenger busses, taxis and car hire services, employment agencies, grain milling, bakeries, advertising, dairy processing and estate agencies for Zimbabweans.

The country screens FDI through the Zimbabwe Investment Authority (ZIA) in liaison with relevant line ministries to confirm compliance with the country's investment regulations. Once an investor meets the criteria, ZIA issues the company or entity with an investment certificate.

According to the country’s laws, U.S. investors are not especially disadvantaged or singled out by any of the ownership or control mechanisms relative to other foreign investors. In its investment guidelines, the government states its commitment to non-discrimination between foreign and domestic investors and among foreign investors.

Other Investment Policy Reviews

In the past three years, the government has not conducted an investment policy review through the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Trade Organization (WTO) or the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).

Business Facilitation

The government has committed itself to improving the transparency and predictability of its policies and to dealing decisively with corruption. In spite of this commitment, the World Bank’s 2017 Doing Business Report ranks Zimbabwe 180 out of 187 economies studied with respect to starting a business.

Zimbabwe does not have an online registration process. The Zimbabwe Investment Authority (ZIA) is the country's investment promotion body set up to facilitate both foreign direct investment and local investment. ZIA's website is http://www.investzim.com/. The country encourages companies to register with ZIA and the process currently takes 90 days.

ZIA does not discriminate between men and women investors when it comes to business facilitation. According to the World Bank’s 2017 Doing Business data, it takes 61 days for both men and women to start a business in Zimbabwe and the cost for starting a business is the same between men and women.

Outward Investment

Zimbabwe does not promote or incentivize outward investment because of a tight foreign exchange constraint. Any outward investment has to be approved by exchange control authorities.

2. Bilateral Investment Agreements and Taxation Treaties

Zimbabwe has investment treaties with 17 countries but ratified only eight of these treaties, including those with the Netherlands, Denmark, Yugoslavia, China, Germany, Russia, South Africa, and Switzerland. Two other investment agreements with India and Iran are awaiting ratification before they go into effect. In spite of these agreements, the government has failed to protect investments undertaken by nationals from these countries, particularly with regard to land. In 2009, for example, an army officer seized a farm belonging to a German national but the government did not intervene, despite its assurance that Zimbabwe would honor all obligations and commitments to international investors.

The United States does have a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) with the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), of which Zimbabwe is a member. This TIFA provides a mechanism to talk about disputes, although the protection offered by the TIFA is much more limited than protection typically provided by a bilateral investment treaty.

The United States does not have a bilateral taxation and/or investment treaty with Zimbabwe.

3. Legal Regime

Transparency of the Regulatory System

The government's official policy is to encourage competition within the private sector, but the bureaucracy within regulatory agencies lacks transparency, and corruption within the regulatory system is believed to be rampant.

The government introduces import taxes arbitrarily to support certain inefficient producers who continue to lobby for protection against more competitive imports. In late 2012, the Ministry of Finance announced a 25 percent surtax on selected imported products including soaps, meat products, beverages, dairy products, and cooking oil starting January 1, 2013 as well as other import taxes on beer, cigarettes, and chickens brought in from outside the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern African regions (COMESA). In 2016, the government, through the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, introduced statutory instrument (SI) 64 which bans importation of a number of products manufactured locally.

Since the last review, the government has stated its commitment to ensuring that laws, regulations and policies pertaining to investment are enacted after proper notice and consultation and are available publicly in a prompt and transparent manner.

International Regulatory Considerations

Zimbabwe is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and it is signatory to the SADC and COMESA trade protocols establishing free trade areas (FTA) with the aim of growing into a customs union. Although the country is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), it normally notifies only SADC and COMESA of measures that it intends to implement.

Legal System and Judicial Independence

According to host country law, Zimbabwe has an independent judicial system whose decisions are binding on the other branches of government. The country has written commercial law but does not have specialized commercial courts. Administration of justice in commercial cases that lack political overtones is still generally impartial. Regulations or enforcement actions are appealable and are adjudicated in the national court system.

Laws and Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment

As noted above, in 2007, the government introduced the Indigenization and Economic Empowerment Act, which requires that "indigenous Zimbabweans" (black Zimbabweans) own at least 51 percent of all enterprises valued over USD 500,000, but now amended to apply only to the diamonds and platinum sectors. In certain sectors, such as primary agriculture, transport services, and retail and wholesale trade including distribution, foreign investors may not own more than 35 percent equity.

Competition and Anti-Trust Laws

The government's official policy is to encourage competition within the private sector with the enactment of the Zimbabwe Competition Act. The Act provided for the formation of the Tariff and Competition Commission charged with investigating restrictive practices, mergers, and monopolies in the country. The Competition and Tariff Commission (CTC) is an autonomous statutory body established in 2001 with the dual mandate of implementing and enforcing Zimbabwe’s competition policy and law and executing the country’s trade tariffs policy.

Expropriation and Compensation

Despite provisions in Zimbabwe's previous constitution that prohibited the acquisition of private property without compensation, in 2000, the government began to sanction uncompensated seizures of privately owned agricultural land, serially amending the constitution to grant the government increasingly broad authorities to do so after the fact. The authorities subsequently transferred many of the farms seized to government officials and other regime supporters. In April 2000, the government amended the constitution to authorize the compulsory acquisition of privately owned commercial farms with compensation limited to the improvements made on the land. In September 2005, the government amended the constitution again to transfer ownership of all expropriated land to the government. Since the passage of this amendment, top government officials, supporters of President Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party, and members of the security forces, have continued to disrupt production on commercial farms, including those owned by foreign investors and those covered by bilateral investment agreements. Similarly, government officials have sought to impose politically-connected individuals as indigenous partners on privately and foreign-owned wildlife conservancies.

In 2006, the government began to issue 99-year leases for land seized from commercial farms. These leases, however, are not readily transferable. The government retains the right to withdraw the lease at any time for any reason. The government's program to seize commercial farms without compensating the titleholders, who have no recourse to the courts, has raised serious questions about respect for property rights and the rule of law in Zimbabwe. As a result, Zimbabwe ranked 89 out of 190 countries considered with respect to the country's ability to protect minority investors in the World Bank's 2017 Doing Business report.

The government is still deliberating amendments to the Mines and Minerals Act, although the provision related to indigenization is now limited to the diamonds and platinum sectors.

Dispute Settlement

ICSID Convention and New York Convention

Zimbabwe acceded to the 1965 Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States and to the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in 1994. However, the government does not always accept binding international arbitration of investment disputes between foreign investors and the state.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement

The government is signatory to a number of bilateral investment agreements with a number of countries (see above) in which international arbitration of investment disputes is recognized. As noted above, Zimbabwe does not have a Bilateral Investment Treaty or Free Trade Agreement with an investment chapter with the United States.

Local courts recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards issued against the government, but there is a history of extrajudicial action against foreign investors. For example, senior politicians declined to support enforcement of a 2008 SADC Tribunal decision ordering Zimbabwe to return expropriated commercial farms to the original owners. Once an investor has exhausted the administrative and judicial remedies available locally, the government of Zimbabwe agrees, in theory, to submit matters for settlement by arbitration according to the rules and procedures promulgated by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. However, this has not occurred in practice.

International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Courts

As noted above, local courts recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards issued against the government, but there is a history of extrajudicial action against foreign investors. For example, senior politicians declined to support enforcement of a 2008 SADC Tribunal decision ordering Zimbabwe to return expropriated commercial farms to the original owners. Once an investor has exhausted the administrative and judicial remedies available locally, the government of Zimbabwe agrees, in theory, to submit matters for settlement by arbitration according to the rules and procedures promulgated by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law. However, this has not occurred in practice.

Bankruptcy Regulations

In the event of insolvency or bankruptcy, Zimbabwe applies the Insolvency Act. All creditors have equal rights against an insolvent estate. In terms of resolving insolvency, Zimbabwe ranks 155 out of 190 economies in the World Bank’s 2017 Doing Business Report.

4. Industrial Policies

Investment Incentives

There are a number of incentives depending on the form of investment and the sectors. For investment designed to develop industrial parks and investment in tourism development zones and joint ventures in the form of the build, own, operate and transfer (BOOT) and build operate and transfer (BOT), the investors will not pay tax in the first five years after which they will pay tax at the rate of 25 percent compared to the normal tax rate of 35 percent. For joint ventures in the form of the build, own, operate and transfer (BOOT) and build operate and transfer (BOT), investors will not pay tax for the first five years after which they will pay tax at the rate of 15 percent per annum. Investors within the mining sector exporting 50 percent of output will have reduced corporation tax of 20 percent and receive import duty exemption on imported capital goods while losses are carried forward indefinitely for mining operations. Moreover the government generally allows for duty exemptions in the importation of raw materials used in the manufacture of goods for export.

Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports/Trade Facilitation

The government promulgated legislation creating Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in 1996. Zimbabwe now has approximately 183 EPZ-designated companies. Benefits include a five-year tax holiday, duty-free importation of raw materials and capital equipment for use in the EPZ, and no tax liability from capital gains arising from the sale of property forming part of the investment in EPZs. Since January 2004, the government has generally required that foreign capital comprise a majority of the investment. The requirement on EPZ-designated companies to export at least 80 percent of output has constrained foreign investment in the zones. The merger between the Zimbabwe Investment Centre and the Zimbabwe Export Processing Zones Authority, which began in 2006, has been completed and the new institution—ZIA—now serves as a one-stop shop for both local and foreign investors. Zimbabwe has recently passed amendments to the Zimbabwe Investment Authority Act to include Special Economic Zones. However, to date, activities in special economic zones have not been meaningful in spite of the generous incentives offered to investors in these special areas.

Although there are no discriminatory import or export policies affecting foreign firms, the government's approval criteria heavily favor export-oriented projects. Import duties and related taxes range as high as 110 percent. Export Processing Zone-designated companies must export at least 80 percent of output.

Performance and Data Localization Requirements

The government mandates local employment except for specialized skills that are in short supply locally. There are no general performance requirements for businesses located outside Export Processing and Special Economic Zones. Government policy, however, encourages investment in enterprises that contribute to rural development, job creation, exports, the addition of domestic value to primary products, use of local materials, and the transfer of appropriate technologies.

Government participation is required for new investments in strategic industries such as energy, public water provision, and railways. The terms of government participation are determined on a case-by-case basis during license approval. The few foreign investors (for example, from China, Russia, and Iran) in reserved strategic industries have either purchased existing companies or have supplied equipment and spares on credit.

The government encourages foreign investors to make maximum use of Zimbabwean management and technical personnel, and any investment proposal that involves the employment of foreigners must present a strong case in order to obtain work and residence permits. Normally, the maximum contract period for a foreigner is three years but with possible extension to five years for individuals with highly specialized skills.

While currently there is no forced localization in which foreign investors must use domestic content in goods, the government is in the process of developing a local content policy designed to encourage the use of local inputs in production.

The government does not require foreign IT providers to turn over source code and/or provide access to surveillance. Only banks are required to maintain all their data in the country through the escrow agreement.

The new government investment guidelines do not permit mandatory and/or arbitrary performance requirements that distort or limit the expansion of trade and investment.

5. Protection of Property Rights

Real Property

The government enforces interests in residential and commercial properties in cities although this is not the case with agricultural land. Mortgages and liens do exist for urban properties although liquidity constraints have led to a fall in the number of mortgage loans. According to the World Bank's 2015 Doing Business Report, Zimbabwe is ranked 94 out of 189 countries in terms of registering property. The recording of mortgages is generally reliable. With regard to agricultural land, the government provides and protects use rights of indigenous people and it is currently in the process of developing new 99-year leases that will guarantee use, with the government retaining ownership of all agricultural land.

Intellectual Property Rights

Zimbabwe applies international patent and trademark conventions, and it is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization. Generally, the government seeks to honor intellectual property ownership and rights, although a lack of expertise and manpower and rampant corruption limit its ability to enforce these obligations. Pirating of videos, music, and computer software is common.

It does not appear that the government enacted new IP related laws or regulations over the past year. The country does not publish information on the seizures of counterfeit goods. The country is not listed in USTR’s Special 301 report.

For additional information about treaty obligations and points of contact at local IP offices, please see WIPO’s country profiles at http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/.

Zimbabwe is not listed in the notorious market report. For additional information about national laws and points of contact at local IP offices, please see WIPO’s country profiles at http://www.wipo.int/directory/en/.

6. Financial Sector

Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment

Zimbabwe's stock market currently has 59 publicly-listed companies, but just 17 of them account for over 80 percent of total market capitalization, which stood at USD 8.8 billion on March 7, 2018. In September 1996, the government opened the stock and money markets to limited foreign portfolio investment. Since then, a maximum of 49 percent of any locally-listed company can be foreign-owned in line with the indigenization policy framework, with any single investor allowed to acquire up to 15 percent of the outstanding shares.

There is a 1.48 percent withholding tax on the sale of marketable securities, while the tax on purchasing stands at 1.73 percent. Totaling 3.21 percent, the rates are comparable with the average of 3.5 percent for the region. As a way of raising funds for the state, the government mandated that insurance companies and pension funds invest between 25 and 35 percent of their portfolios in prescribed government bonds. Zimbabwe's hyperinflation, which came to an end with the 2009 dollarization, wiped out the value of domestic debt instruments. However, the government has been borrowing from the local market by issuing Treasury Bills (TBs) to financial institutions to finance the ever widening government expenditure. Official statistics show that by the end of 2017, the government had issued in excess of USD 2 billion worth of TBs to financial institutions.

Money and Banking System

Three major international commercial banks and a number of regional and domestic banks operate in Zimbabwe, with a total of over 200 branches. The central bank (Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ)) believes that the banking sector is generally stable in spite of a harsh operating environment characterized by high credit risk and liquidity constraints. As most international banks reduce risk (de-risking) in the face of high penalties for non-compliance with prudential guidelines in developed countries, most Zimbabwean correspondent banking relationships are in jeopardy. As of December 31, 2017, the sector had 19 operating institutions, comprising 13 commercial banks, five building societies and one savings bank. According to the RBZ, as of December 2017, all operating banking institutions complied with the prescribed minimum core capital requirements. The level of non-performing loans improved somewhat from 7.87 percent in December 2016 to 7.08 percent by December 2017 largely due to the general strengthening of credit management systems in the aftermath of balance sheet clean up through disposals of non-performing loans (NPLs) to the Zimbabwe Asset Management Company.

According to the central bank, the total deposits (including interbank deposits), rose from USD 6.5 billion in December 2016 to USD 8.48 billion by December 2017. The RBZ attributed the notable increase in deposits to increased export receipts, the expansionary impact of government expenditure and the multiplier effect of new deposits.

The central bank received a USD 200 million injection from the African Export Import Bank (Afreximbank) to revitalize Zimbabwe’s inter-bank lending market which started operating on March 23, 2015 (see above).

Foreign Exchange and Remittances

Foreign Exchange Policies

Until the end of 2008, Zimbabwe's exchange-rate policies made it difficult for firms to obtain foreign currency, and this, in turn, resulted in shortages of fuel, electric power, and other imported goods. Other consequences included defaults on public- and private-sector debt and a sharp decline in industrial, agricultural, and mining operations. In 2009, the government lifted exchange controls and demonetized the Zimbabwe dollar. The RBZ now permits bank accounts and transactions in the following currencies: Euro, Botswana pula, South African rand, British pound, U.S. dollar, Chinese yuan, Australian dollar, Indian rupee, and Japanese yen, with most business conducted in U.S. dollars. Zimbabwe's export performance is rising but at a slower pace than imports. The government's arrears on over USD 10 billion in external debt block the country’s access to multilateral financing. These conditions severely constrain external financing for the economy which has resulted in rising external payments arrears for necessary imports.

Remittance Policies

In line with recommendations from the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the IMF, the government revised the Foreign Exchange Control Act, which regulated currency conversions and transfers before the withdrawal of the Zimbabwe dollar. With these changes and the liberalization of most current account transactions, exporters retain 100 percent of their foreign currency receipts for their own use until the second quarter of 2016. Since then, the RBZ retains 50 percent of all export proceeds to be shared among competing foreign payments needs based on a priority list. In spite of this, foreigners can remit capital appreciation, dividend income and after tax profits provided the foreign exchange is available.

Zimbabwe is a member of the Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group (ESAAMLG). The country still awaits the results of the 2014 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) assessment of Zimbabwe's compliance with the international standards on money laundering and terrorism financing, and the authorities believe that the results will be positive.

Sovereign Wealth Funds

Zimbabwe does not have a sovereign wealth fund (SWF). The government set aside USUSD 1 million toward administrative costs related to the setting up of the Sovereign Wealth Fund in its 2016 Budget. The government proposes to capitalize the SWF through a charge of up to 25 percent on royalty collections on mineral sales, as well as on special dividend on the sale of diamond, gas, granite and other minerals.

7. State-Owned Enterprises

Zimbabwe has 72 state-owned enterprises (SOEs), defined as companies wholly-owned by the state, but there is no published list of these entities. Many SOEs support vital infrastructure, including energy, mining, and agribusiness, for example. As a result, competition within the sectors where SOEs operate tends to be limited. However, the government of Zimbabwe (GOZ) invites private investors to participate in infrastructure projects through public-private partnerships (PPPs). Most SOEs have public function mandates, although in more recent years, they perform hybrid activities of satisfying their public functions while making profits. SOEs should have independent boards but in some instances such as the recent case of the Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation (ZMDC), the government allows the entities to function without boards.

Zimbabwe does not appear to subscribe to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on corporate governance of SOEs. SOEs operate under the same taxes and same value added tax rebate policies as private sector companies. The SOEs face a number of challenges that include persistent power outages, mismanagement, lack of maintenance, inadequate investment, a lack of liquidity and access to credit, and debt overhangs. As a result, the SOEs have performed poorly in recent years. Few SOEs produce publicly available financial data and ever fewer audited financial data. This has imposed significant costs on the rest of the economy.

Privatization Program

Currently, the government owns various state owned enterprises (SOEs) across various economic sectors. The government has committed itself to privatize most SOEs across the economic sectors and since the start of the privatization program in the 1990s, it only successfully privatized two parastatals. The government encourages foreign investors to take advantage of the privatization program to invest in the country although inter-SOE debts of nearly USD 1 billion pose challenges for privatization plans because they further weaken the entities’ balance sheets. According to the recently published investment guidelines, the government is still working out the modalities on how to dispose of part of its shareholding to the private sector.

8. Responsible Business Conduct

Following dollarization in 2009, there has been increased awareness of standards for responsible business conduct (RBC), driven by the private sector through the Standards Association of Zimbabwe. The private sector developed the National Corporate Governance Code of Zimbabwe (ZimCode), which is a framework designed to guide Zimbabwean companies on RBC. An industrial advocacy group, the Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries, has a standing committee on business ethics and standards which drives ethical conduct within the Zimbabwean private sector. The organization has developed its own charter according to OECD guidelines, highlighting good corporate governance and ethical behavior. The Zimbabwean government has not taken any measures to encourage RBC and it does not take RBC policies or practices into its procurement decisions.

Firms that demonstrate corporate social responsibility do not automatically garner favorable treatment from consumers, employees, and government. With regard to indigenization, foreign companies receive formal indigenization credits of up to 31 percent for conducting CSR determined by the extent to which the activity achieves the government’s socio-economic objectives.

Although the Zimbabwean government has considered implementing the World Bank’s Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) principles in order to strengthen accountability, good governance, and transparency in the mining sector, it has yet to launch an EITI program. However, the government has stated its intention to adopt a domestic initiative called the Zimbabwe Mining Revenue Transparency Initiative (ZMRTI) but it has made little progress in implementing the initiative.

9. Corruption

In 2005, the government enacted an Anti-Corruption Act that established a government-appointed the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (ZACC) to investigate corruption. However, the ACC did not include any members from civil society or the private sector. The government of national unity (GNU) enhanced the institutional capacity of the ZACC with members appointed from civil society and the private sector. However, when the ZACC’s term of office expired, the new ZACC did not include civil society and private sector representatives. The government prosecutes individuals selectively, focusing on those who have fallen out of favor with ZANU-PF and ignoring transgressions by members of the favored elite. Accusations of corruption are used as a political tool but seldom result in formal charges and convictions.

While the laws to combat corruption exist, enforcement of the laws is weak as the law enforcement agencies lack the political will and resources to do their job effectively. As a result, Transparency International ranked Zimbabwe 157 out of 180 countries and territories surveyed in 2017. The new government has, however, committed itself to eradicate corruption and, since December 2017, ZACC has arrested and brought before the courts a number of high ranking officials in the previous government.

Existing rules on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange compel listed companies to disclose, through annual reports, minimum disclosure requirements.

The government also created a policy to improve accountability in the use of state resources through the introduction of the Public Finance Management Act in March 2010. In spite of this, corruption is still endemic, especially within the diamond sector where production and export figures are largely unreliable. In this respect, the government has introduced a Diamond Policy that focuses on ensuring the 100 percent government ownership of all alluvial diamonds in the ground and the involvement of the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA) in the entire value chain of diamond production.

While Zimbabwe signed the United Nations Convention against Corruption on February 20, 2004 and ratified the treaty on February 20, 2007, it is not party to the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions.

Resources to Report Corruption

Contact at "watchdog" organization:

Transparency International Zimbabwe
96 Central Avenue,
P O Box CY 434, Causeway
Harare
+263 4 793 246/7
tiz@tizim.org; info@tizim.org

10. Political and Security Environment

Political parties and civil-society groups that oppose ZANU-PF routinely encounter state-sponsored intimidation and repression from government security forces and ZANU-PF-linked activists. This environment persisted even during the period of the coalition government when the main opposition parties, the Movement for Democratic Change-Tsvangirai (MDC-T) and the Movement for Democratic Change-Ncube (MDC-N), joined ZANU-PF in an Inclusive Government from February 2009 to June 2013. Individuals and companies out of favor with ZANU-PF routinely suffer harassment and bureaucratic obstacles in their business dealings. Disagreements between and within political parties occasionally resulted in violence targeting political party members. In December 2013, customers broke the windows at a bank branch which had run out of funds to distribute to depositors. Such violence is sporadic and increase as elections draw close.

Despite perceived widespread dissatisfaction with government policy, there had not been large-scale demonstrations until November 18, 2017 when a demonstration, sanctioned by the army eventually forced Mugabe to resign. Since then, President Mnangagwa has emphasized the need to be peaceful as the country heads for the 2018 elections. Nevertheless, there are still isolated cases of violence allegedly perpetrated by ZANU-PF aligned youths country-wide.

11. Labor Policies and Practices

Zimbabwe's interconnected economic and political crises from 1998 through 2008 prompted many of the country's most skilled and well-educated citizens to emigrate, leading to widespread labor shortages for managerial and technical jobs. At the same time, the decade-long severe contraction of the economy caused formal sector employment to drop significantly. The Zimbabwe Statistical Agency (Zimstat) began to compile meaningful employment statistics in 2010. According to these figures, Zimbabwe’s non-farm employment rose from 721,000 in December 2011 to 802,000 in June 2012 (the latest date for which official data are available). Anecdotal evidence shows widespread youth unemployment as the country continues to churn out graduates without any meaningful employment growth. As a result, most end up joining the informal sector estimated at over 90 percent of the workforce.

Although the country's HIV/AIDS epidemic had previously taken a heavier toll on the workforce, in 2014, 15 percent of adults were living with HIV/AIDS.

The government encourages foreign investors to make maximum use of Zimbabwean management and technical personnel.

The country's labor laws make it very difficult for employers to adjust employment in response to an economic downturn except in the Special Economic Zones (SEZs) where labor laws do not apply. Outside the SEZs the employer must engage the employees and their representatives and agree to adopt measures to avoid retrenchment. If the measures fail, the employer can retrench and pay an all-inclusive package of one month salary for each two years of service or the pro rata share thereof.

The labor laws differentiate between layoffs and severance with the former falling under retrenchment where the retrenchment law must apply. The law does not accept unfair dismissal or layoffs of employees. The 2015 amendments to the act only permit termination of contract to be in terms of a registered code of conduct, expiry of a contract of fixed term duration or mutual agreement. There is no unemployment insurance or other safety net programs for workers laid off for economic reasons.

Employers in any sector tend to use temporary or contract workers because it is easy to lay them off as there is no need to follow termination procedures. The employee will only wait for the expiry of the agreed period of the contract ranging from 3 months renewed occasionally. The Labor Amendment Act of 2015, however, now requires employment councils to put a limit on the number of times employers can renew short term contracts.

The government does not waive labor laws in order to attract or retain investment.

Labor unions affiliated to the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) are independent of the government and those affiliated to the Zimbabwe Federation of Trade Unions (ZFTU) and the Zimbabwe Industrial Revolution Workers Federation support the government.

Collective bargaining takes place through a National Employment Council (NEC) in each industry, comprising representatives from labor, business, and government. The agreements apply to the entire sector regardless of whether or not all employees are members to the council or not, except for managerial employees.

The country has a labor dispute resolution process that starts at company level through disciplinary committees or grievance committees. If the issue is not resolved at this level, the aggrieved party can appeal to either the employment council or the Labor Court depending on the industrial agreement. Other redress is through the Ministry of Public Service Labor and Social Welfare in which labor officers settle disputes for industries without employment councils. From the Labor Court an aggrieved party can appeal to the Supreme Court.

The ZCTU called for a demonstration on August 8, 2015 to protest against massive job losses as a result of the Supreme Court decision allowing employers to terminate contracts of employment on three-month notice under the common law. The police banned the activity and riot police camped at ZCTU offices for a week, preventing workers from gathering and accessing union offices. Following the ZCTU appeal to the High Court on August 22, 2015, the demonstration went ahead.

Labor inspection is very minimal and there is discrimination in practice. The government continues to harass labor unions and their leaders. In December 2012, for example, the police arrested two ZCTU officials for allegedly holding an unsanctioned protest march to celebrate Human Rights Day in the city of Bulawayo, even though the police had sanctioned it beforehand. Under Zimbabwe labor law, the government can intervene in ZCTU's internal affairs if it determines that the leadership is misusing funds.

The government enacted some amendments to the labor act in 2015 to compel employers who dismissed workers from July 2015 as a result of the Supreme Court judgment to pay retroactive compensation. While employers are unhappy with such a provision, trade unions are somewhat pleased with the decision. But the compensation is limited to one month salary for each two years of service or a share thereof. It violates trade union and employers’ right to freedom of association by giving power to the Minister to investigate and appoint administrators in situations where there is alleged mismanagement of the trade union.

The government is a member of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and has ratified conventions protecting worker rights. The country has been subject to ILO supervisory mechanisms for practices that limit workers' rights to freely associate, organize, and hold labor union meetings.

12. OPIC and Other Investment Insurance Programs

The U.S. government and Zimbabwe concluded an OPIC agreement in April 1999 which permits OPIC to conduct transactions in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe acceded to the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency in September 1989. Support from the Export-Import Bank of the United States is not available in Zimbabwe. Finance and export promotion programs, as well as investment insurance offered through the international financial institutions, remain limited due largely to Zimbabwe's mounting multilateral and bilateral debt arrears and deteriorating investment climate.

13. Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Portfolio Investment Statistics

Table 2: Key Macroeconomic Data, U.S. FDI in Host Country/Economy

	Host Country Statistical Source*		USG or International Statistical Source		USG or International Source of Data: BEA; IMF; Eurostat; UNCTAD, Other
Economic Data	Year	Amount	Year	Amount
Host Country Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (M USD)	2015	USD 16,305	2015	USD 16,303	www.worldbank.org/en/country
Foreign Direct Investment	Host Country Statistical Source*		USG or International Statistical Source		USG or International Source of Data: BEA; IMF; Eurostat; UNCTAD, Other
U.S. FDI in partner country (M USD, stock positions)	2015	N/A	2015	(D)	BEA data available at http://bea.gov/international/direct_ investment_multinational_ companies_comprehensive_data.htm
Host country’s FDI in the United States (M USD, stock positions)	2015	N/A	2015	(D)	BEA data available at http://bea.gov/international/direct_ investment_multinational_ companies_comprehensive_data.htm
Total inbound stock of FDI as % host GDP	2015	N/A	2015	24.3	N/A

*Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency
(D) Data suppressed to avoid disclosure of data of individual companies

投资报告：2018年津巴布韦投资环境报告（英文版）